This paper offers a theoretical exploration of decolonisation as a complex process that extends beyond the termination of colonial control. It necessitates a critical evaluation and dismantling of the deeply entrenched impacts and beliefs of colonialism that have permeated diverse sectors of society. This analysis emphasizes the central role of decolonisation in promoting social justice by tackling the systemic inequities and injustices rooted in colonialism. The paper explores the historical background of decolonisation, its broader conceptual foundations, and the critical importance of epistemic justice in addressing the marginalization of non-Western knowledge systems within academia. Adopting a postcolonial perspective, the analysis explores the enduring effects of colonialism on culture, society, and knowledge. It advocates for an academic discourse on successful decolonisation strategies that encompass both structural and epistemic transformations. The discussion also examines the significance of the National Education Philosophy in relation to epistemic fairness within the Malaysian education system. The paper emphasizes the imperative of continuously prioritizing decolonization as a crucial endeavor in establishing a just and inclusive global society. This involves the transformation of academic settings and societal structures to foster fairness, diversity, and inclusivity.

AMa’ includes all forms of life, such as proximate angels, types and kinds of people, so it takes the appearance of the whole world. AMa’ so Voujod_al_monbaset that all of the Gabarout to the Nasoot as a holistic unit and covers included. AMa’ such as the right to Nafas al-Rahmani, depending on his own, can be used at two levels: An expansive as the one kolgera which includes of the Gabarou to the Nasoot, and that the higher level of the Malakout that the promise Ahadyat or Vahedyat.That is why some people it Ahadyat and some have attributed it to Vahedyat.It is for this reason that AMa’ interpreted as a thin cloud, some Ahadyat officials have said it, because as Ahadyat the veil of dignity and sublimity Sama, and some Vahedyat officials have said it, because as an intermediary between Sama refers Vahedyat and Tqyyd arz, as the cloud is the intermediary between Sama and Arz.

Background: As an emerging interdisciplinary area of science with a multitude of potential facilities and applications, synthetic biology integrates different disciplines with one another ranging from basic science to engineering. This interdisciplinary branch therefore encompasses sciences that require specific development and ethical approaches. Materials and Methods: Science management principles were used to design the framework of discrete ethical issues of synthetic biology in terms of the creation, storage, distribution and application of synthetic biology. Results: There is a debate over whether or not the artificial organisms created as living machines deserve ethical considerations. The free storage of knowledge as open libraries about manufacturing the parts, devices and biological systems is another issue. In this respect, technological gap and justice could also be debated. Biosafety and biosecurity are also important in applying synthetic biology, as this science is increasingly facing the community of garage biologists. In biosecurity, creating organisms with dual applications raises ethical issues regarding bioterrorism. Conclusion: The complexity and broad scope of ethical issues regarding the application of synthetic biology products require that distinct ethical principles be developed in collaboration with experts in ethics and law and futurists in discourse with the civil community.

Metaphysical debate between realists and anti-realists is here at issue. P. Railton claimed that these debates reduced to explanation. All topics such as IBE, unification of scientific theories, science progress, concept of observation, experimentation and primacy reductionism deal with and depend on explanation.Railton suggests that metaphysical debates on the alleged topics reduced to explanation because it depends on our account (and understanding) of the world and its necessary persistent of phenomena. Since, our perception of facts of worlds come to date which are not neutral and value free, the conflict couldn’t remove. In Railton’s view, very conflict and challenge go head to controversies without any plausible outcome.

Transmission and writing hadith is one of the controversial issues in the history of hadith. Some forbid it and some others have a different view. This article deals with these debates and discrepancies.

The experience of broadcasting election debates in Iran in 2009, 2013 and 2017 shows that these debates failed to express the views and plans of the candidates and instead of it candidates attacking and invading their competitors. The main purpose of this essay is to identify the conceptual model of debater’, s interaction to describe interactions manner with competitors, in order to manage the televised debates. The research method of this research is the theory of grounded theory, and the data were obtained through a semi-structured, deep interview with 14 people who were familiar or involved in the process of planning, producing, and performing of debates. Findings of the research suggest that although personal characteristics and personality of the debaters are influential in choosing the approach of persuasion or action of attack and defense, the sudden change of political space during the election period, the short duration of electoral campaign, media policies in the design of the debate, The lack of mechanisms for verifying claims, inadequate rules for debates are among the factors that made the debaters use this opportunity to attack rivals and raise the level of tension in the program.

The main object of this study is analyzing the components and indicators of the scholarly Publication System in the scholarly Publication databases in terms of access, communication, control, infrastructure, language, materials (information resources), support, technology, economics, evaluation, education, ethics and their characteristics. The research community has been identified by content analyzing and 73 databases were extracted, based on the frequency and approval of experts the sample limited to 12 scholarly publication databases. These include the ArXiv, DOAJ, Elsevier, Springer, Google Scholar, PubMed, Nature, Web of Science, Scopus, National Institutes of Health (NIH), SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resource Coalition), and Amazon databases. The checklist designed to study these databases is taken from the scholarly Publication System dimensions. Research findings show that all components have been considered in publication databases and the difference between them returned in scholarly Publication indicators. however, according to the type, age and general policy of the databases, some indicators of components, Like education, economics, and information resources has not received enough attention, in all databases, some components such as technology, support and control and their indicators have an equal importance.

Today, stock markets are considered the pulse of the global economy. However, even minor disruptions can lead to turmoil in these markets and result in the movement of vast amounts of money and credit. Therefore, the use of various financial instruments to reduce and manage risk can play a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of capital markets. One of the most important financial instruments for risk reduction and boosting capital markets is "options." Options were first officially and systematically used in the Chicago Stock Exchange and later adopted by most major and advanced exchanges worldwide. Given the legal and jurisprudential feasibility of these instruments within the framework of option contracts, examining the present contract is of particular importance. Although clarifying the legal nature of option contracts alleviates some concerns about their illegitimacy and thus their invalidity, it is not sufficient on its own for justification. Accordingly, this paper not only elucidates the legal nature of the mentioned contract but also critiques the viewpoints of those who argue for its invalidity, such as the belief that it is akin to gambling. Ultimately, we conclude that the contract is legitimate. Furthermore, we examine options within common law and find that, in English and American law, option contracts are viewed as conditional contracts and irrevocable offers. Options function as irrevocable offers based on the consent of both parties and become binding once accepted by one of the parties within the specified timeframe.